diff --git a/cli/CHANGELOG.md b/cli/CHANGELOG.md
index 9c10d335507..d3ed5e55b9f 100644
--- a/cli/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/cli/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -3,6 +3,10 @@
 
 _Released 11/18/2025 (PENDING)_
 
+**Features:**
+
+- Added discriminated union types for CLI error handling to improve type safety and eliminate `any` types. Addressed in [#32909](https://github.com/cypress-io/cypress/pull/32909).
+
 **Misc:**
 
 - The keyboard shortcuts modal now displays the keyboard shortcut for saving Studio changes - `⌘` + `s` for Mac or `Ctrl` + `s` for Windows/Linux. Addressed [#32862](https://github.com/cypress-io/cypress/issues/32862). Addressed in [#32864](https://github.com/cypress-io/cypress/pull/32864).
diff --git a/cli/lib/error-types.ts b/cli/lib/error-types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e07230c8f8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cli/lib/error-types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+/**
+ * Discriminated union types for Cypress CLI errors
+ * 
+ * This file provides type safety for error handling in the CLI,
+ * ensuring consistent error structure and eliminating the need
+ * for any types in error-related code.
+ */
+
+// Base interface that all CLI errors must implement
+interface BaseCypressCliError {
+  description: string
+  solution: string | ((msg?: string, prevMessage?: string) => string)
+  code?: string
+  exitCode?: number
+  footer?: string
+}
+
+// Binary and Installation Errors
+export interface BinaryNotFoundError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'BINARY_NOT_FOUND'
+  code: 'E_BINARY_MISSING'
+  binaryDir: string
+}
+
+export interface BinaryNotExecutableError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'BINARY_NOT_EXECUTABLE' 
+  code: 'E_BINARY_PERMISSIONS'
+  executable: string
+}
+
+export interface NotInstalledCIError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'NOT_INSTALLED_CI'
+  code: 'E_CI_MISSING_BINARY'
+  executable: string
+}
+
+// Verification Errors
+export interface VerifyFailedError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'VERIFY_FAILED'
+  code: 'E_VERIFY_FAILED'
+  smokeTestCommand?: string
+  timedOut?: boolean
+}
+
+export interface SmokeTestDisplayError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'SMOKE_TEST_DISPLAY_ERROR'
+  code: 'INVALID_SMOKE_TEST_DISPLAY_ERROR'
+  message?: string
+}
+
+export interface VersionMismatchError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'VERSION_MISMATCH'
+  code: 'E_VERSION_MISMATCH'
+}
+
+// Configuration Errors
+export interface ConfigParseError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'CONFIG_PARSE'
+  code: 'E_CONFIG_PARSE'
+  file?: string
+}
+
+export interface InvalidConfigFileError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'INVALID_CONFIG_FILE'
+  code: 'E_INVALID_CONFIG_FILE'
+}
+
+export interface InvalidTestingTypeError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'INVALID_TESTING_TYPE'
+  code: 'E_INVALID_TESTING_TYPE'
+}
+
+// Runtime Errors
+export interface ChildProcessKilledError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'CHILD_PROCESS_KILLED'
+  code: 'E_CHILD_KILLED'
+  eventName: string
+  signal: string
+}
+
+export interface InvalidCypressEnvError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'INVALID_CYPRESS_ENV'
+  code: 'E_INVALID_ENV'
+  exitCode: 11
+}
+
+// System Dependency Errors
+export interface MissingXvfbError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'MISSING_XVFB'
+  code: 'E_MISSING_XVFB'
+}
+
+export interface MissingDependencyError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'MISSING_DEPENDENCY'
+  code: 'E_MISSING_DEPENDENCY'
+}
+
+export interface NonZeroExitCodeXvfbError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'XVFB_EXIT_ERROR'
+  code: 'E_XVFB_EXIT'
+}
+
+// Download and Installation Errors
+export interface FailedDownloadError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'FAILED_DOWNLOAD'
+  code: 'E_DOWNLOAD_FAILED'
+}
+
+export interface FailedUnzipError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'FAILED_UNZIP'
+  code: 'E_UNZIP_FAILED'
+}
+
+export interface FailedUnzipWindowsMaxPathError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'FAILED_UNZIP_MAX_PATH'
+  code: 'E_WIN_MAX_PATH'
+}
+
+export interface InvalidOSError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'INVALID_OS'
+  code: 'E_INVALID_OS'
+}
+
+export interface InvalidCacheDirectoryError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'INVALID_CACHE_DIRECTORY'
+  code: 'E_CACHE_PERMISSIONS'
+}
+
+// CLI Argument Errors
+export interface IncompatibleHeadlessFlagsError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'INCOMPATIBLE_HEADLESS_FLAGS'
+  code: 'E_INCOMPATIBLE_FLAGS'
+}
+
+export interface IncompatibleTestTypeFlagsError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'INCOMPATIBLE_TEST_TYPE_FLAGS'
+  code: 'E_INCOMPATIBLE_TEST_FLAGS'
+}
+
+export interface IncompatibleTestingTypeAndFlagError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'INCOMPATIBLE_TESTING_TYPE_AND_FLAG'
+  code: 'E_INCOMPATIBLE_TYPE_FLAG'
+}
+
+export interface InvalidRunProjectPathError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'INVALID_RUN_PROJECT_PATH'
+  code: 'E_INVALID_PROJECT_PATH'
+}
+
+export interface CypressRunBinaryError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'CYPRESS_RUN_BINARY_ERROR'
+  code: 'E_RUN_BINARY_INVALID'
+  value: string
+}
+
+// Generic/Unknown Errors
+export interface UnknownError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'UNKNOWN'
+  code: 'E_UNKNOWN'
+}
+
+export interface UnexpectedError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'UNEXPECTED'
+  code: 'E_UNEXPECTED'
+}
+
+// Union type of all possible CLI errors
+export type CypressCliError =
+  | BinaryNotFoundError
+  | BinaryNotExecutableError
+  | NotInstalledCIError
+  | VerifyFailedError
+  | SmokeTestDisplayError
+  | VersionMismatchError
+  | ConfigParseError
+  | InvalidConfigFileError
+  | InvalidTestingTypeError
+  | ChildProcessKilledError
+  | InvalidCypressEnvError
+  | MissingXvfbError
+  | MissingDependencyError
+  | NonZeroExitCodeXvfbError
+  | FailedDownloadError
+  | FailedUnzipError
+  | FailedUnzipWindowsMaxPathError
+  | InvalidOSError
+  | InvalidCacheDirectoryError
+  | IncompatibleHeadlessFlagsError
+  | IncompatibleTestTypeFlagsError
+  | IncompatibleTestingTypeAndFlagError
+  | InvalidRunProjectPathError
+  | CypressRunBinaryError
+  | UnknownError
+  | UnexpectedError
+
+// Type guards for error discrimination
+export function isBinaryError(error: CypressCliError): error is BinaryNotFoundError | BinaryNotExecutableError | NotInstalledCIError {
+  return error.type === 'BINARY_NOT_FOUND' || error.type === 'BINARY_NOT_EXECUTABLE' || error.type === 'NOT_INSTALLED_CI'
+}
+
+export function isVerificationError(error: CypressCliError): error is VerifyFailedError | SmokeTestDisplayError | VersionMismatchError {
+  return error.type === 'VERIFY_FAILED' || error.type === 'SMOKE_TEST_DISPLAY_ERROR' || error.type === 'VERSION_MISMATCH'
+}
+
+export function isConfigurationError(error: CypressCliError): error is ConfigParseError | InvalidConfigFileError | InvalidTestingTypeError {
+  return error.type === 'CONFIG_PARSE' || error.type === 'INVALID_CONFIG_FILE' || error.type === 'INVALID_TESTING_TYPE'
+}
+
+export function isSystemError(error: CypressCliError): error is MissingXvfbError | MissingDependencyError | NonZeroExitCodeXvfbError {
+  return error.type === 'MISSING_XVFB' || error.type === 'MISSING_DEPENDENCY' || error.type === 'XVFB_EXIT_ERROR'
+}
+
+// Helper function to create typed errors
+export function createTypedError<T extends CypressCliError>(errorData: T): T {
+  return errorData
+}
+
+// Factory functions for common error patterns
+export const ErrorFactories = {
+  binaryNotFound: (binaryDir: string): BinaryNotFoundError => 
+    createTypedError({
+      type: 'BINARY_NOT_FOUND',
+      code: 'E_BINARY_MISSING',
+      binaryDir,
+      description: `No version of Cypress is installed in: ${binaryDir}`,
+      solution: 'Please reinstall Cypress by running: cypress install',
+    }),
+
+  childProcessKilled: (eventName: string, signal: string): ChildProcessKilledError =>
+    createTypedError({
+      type: 'CHILD_PROCESS_KILLED',
+      code: 'E_CHILD_KILLED',
+      eventName,
+      signal,
+      description: `The Test Runner unexpectedly exited via a ${eventName} event with signal ${signal}`,
+      solution: 'Please search Cypress documentation for possible solutions or open a GitHub issue.',
+    }),
+
+  smokeTestFailure: (smokeTestCommand: string, timedOut: boolean): VerifyFailedError =>
+    createTypedError({
+      type: 'VERIFY_FAILED',
+      code: 'E_VERIFY_FAILED',
+      smokeTestCommand,
+      timedOut,
+      description: `Cypress verification ${timedOut ? 'timed out' : 'failed'}.`,
+      solution: `This command failed with the following output:\n\n${smokeTestCommand}`,
+    }),
+}
+
+/**
+ * Helper function to normalize unknown errors into typed CypressCliError
+ * Useful for catch blocks and error handling where the error type is unknown
+ */
+export function asCliError(error: unknown, fallbackMessage?: string): CypressCliError {
+  // If it's already a CLI error, return as-is
+  if (error && typeof error === 'object' && 'type' in error && 'code' in error) {
+    return error as CypressCliError
+  }
+  
+  // If it's an Error object, use its message
+  if (error instanceof Error) {
+    return createTypedError({
+      type: 'UNEXPECTED',
+      code: 'E_UNEXPECTED',
+      description: error.message || fallbackMessage || 'An unexpected error occurred',
+      solution: 'Please search Cypress documentation for possible solutions or open a GitHub issue.',
+    })
+  }
+  
+  // For any other type, stringify it
+  return createTypedError({
+    type: 'UNKNOWN',
+    code: 'E_UNKNOWN',
+    description: fallbackMessage || (typeof error === 'string' ? error : 'An unknown error occurred'),
+    solution: 'Please search Cypress documentation for possible solutions or open a GitHub issue.',
+  })
+}
+
+/**
+ * Backward compatibility: Convert plain error objects to typed CLI errors
+ * Useful during the transition period from any types to discriminated unions
+ */
+export function normalizeError(error: any): CypressCliError {
+  // If it's already a proper CLI error with type and code, return as-is
+  if (error && typeof error === 'object' && error.type && error.code) {
+    return error as CypressCliError
+  }
+  
+  // If it's a plain object with description/solution, convert to UnexpectedError
+  if (error && typeof error === 'object' && error.description && error.solution) {
+    return createTypedError({
+      type: 'UNEXPECTED',
+      code: 'E_UNEXPECTED',
+      description: error.description,
+      solution: error.solution,
+      exitCode: error.exitCode,
+      footer: error.footer,
+    })
+  }
+  
+  // Fallback to asCliError for anything else
+  return asCliError(error)
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cli/lib/errors.ts b/cli/lib/errors.ts
index 61af1845fe5..b7272ca7e05 100644
--- a/cli/lib/errors.ts
+++ b/cli/lib/errors.ts
@@ -4,14 +4,24 @@ import _ from 'lodash'
 import assert from 'assert'
 import util from './util'
 import state from './tasks/state'
+import type { 
+  CypressCliError, 
+  BinaryNotFoundError,
+  BinaryNotExecutableError,
+  NotInstalledCIError,
+  VerifyFailedError,
+  SmokeTestDisplayError,
+  VersionMismatchError,
+  ChildProcessKilledError,
+  InvalidCypressEnvError,
+  CypressRunBinaryError,
+  ErrorFactories,
+} from './error-types'
 
 const docsUrl = 'https://on.cypress.io'
 const requiredDependenciesUrl = `${docsUrl}/required-dependencies`
 const runDocumentationUrl = `${docsUrl}/cypress-run`
 
-// TODO it would be nice if all error objects could be enforced via types
-// to only have description + solution properties
-
 export const hr = '----------'
 
 const genericErrorSolution = stripIndent`
@@ -64,8 +74,11 @@ const failedUnzipWindowsMaxPathLength = {
   Read here for solutions to this problem: https://on.cypress.io/win-max-path-length-error`,
 }
 
-const missingApp = (binaryDir: string): any => {
+const missingApp = (binaryDir: string): BinaryNotFoundError => {
   return {
+    type: 'BINARY_NOT_FOUND',
+    code: 'E_BINARY_MISSING',
+    binaryDir,
     description: `No version of Cypress is installed in: ${chalk.cyan(
       binaryDir,
     )}`,
@@ -75,8 +88,11 @@ const missingApp = (binaryDir: string): any => {
   }
 }
 
-const binaryNotExecutable = (executable: string): any => {
+const binaryNotExecutable = (executable: string): BinaryNotExecutableError => {
   return {
+    type: 'BINARY_NOT_EXECUTABLE',
+    code: 'E_BINARY_PERMISSIONS',
+    executable,
     description: `Cypress cannot run because this binary file does not have executable permissions here:\n\n${executable}`,
     solution: stripIndent`\n
     Reasons this may happen:
@@ -91,8 +107,11 @@ const binaryNotExecutable = (executable: string): any => {
   }
 }
 
-const notInstalledCI = (executable: string): any => {
+const notInstalledCI = (executable: string): NotInstalledCIError => {
   return {
+    type: 'NOT_INSTALLED_CI',
+    code: 'E_CI_MISSING_BINARY',
+    executable,
     description:
       'The cypress npm package is installed, but the Cypress binary is missing.',
     solution: stripIndent`\n
@@ -134,8 +153,12 @@ const missingXvfb = {
     `,
 }
 
-const smokeTestFailure = (smokeTestCommand: string, timedOut: boolean): any => {
+const smokeTestFailure = (smokeTestCommand: string, timedOut: boolean): VerifyFailedError => {
   return {
+    type: 'VERIFY_FAILED',
+    code: 'E_VERIFY_FAILED',
+    smokeTestCommand,
+    timedOut,
     description: `Cypress verification ${timedOut ? 'timed out' : 'failed'}.`,
     solution: stripIndent`
     This command failed with the following output:
@@ -146,10 +169,11 @@ const smokeTestFailure = (smokeTestCommand: string, timedOut: boolean): any => {
   }
 }
 
-const invalidSmokeTestDisplayError = {
+const invalidSmokeTestDisplayError: SmokeTestDisplayError = {
+  type: 'SMOKE_TEST_DISPLAY_ERROR',
   code: 'INVALID_SMOKE_TEST_DISPLAY_ERROR',
   description: 'Cypress verification failed.',
-  solution (msg: string): string {
+  solution (msg?: string): string {
     return stripIndent`
       Cypress failed to start after spawning a new Xvfb server.
 
@@ -157,7 +181,7 @@ const invalidSmokeTestDisplayError = {
 
       ${hr}
 
-      ${msg}
+      ${msg || 'No additional error details'}
 
       ${hr}
 
@@ -214,7 +238,9 @@ const unexpected = {
   solution: solutionUnknown,
 }
 
-const invalidCypressEnv = {
+const invalidCypressEnv: InvalidCypressEnvError = {
+  type: 'INVALID_CYPRESS_ENV',
+  code: 'E_INVALID_ENV',
   description:
     chalk.red('The environment variable with the reserved name "CYPRESS_INTERNAL_ENV" is set.'),
   solution: chalk.red('Unset the "CYPRESS_INTERNAL_ENV" environment variable and run Cypress again.'),
@@ -248,25 +274,32 @@ const invalidConfigFile = {
  * @param {'close'|'event'} eventName Child close event name
  * @param {string} signal Signal that closed the child process, like "SIGBUS"
 */
-const childProcessKilled = (eventName: string, signal: string): any => {
+const childProcessKilled = (eventName: string, signal: string): ChildProcessKilledError => {
   return {
+    type: 'CHILD_PROCESS_KILLED',
+    code: 'E_CHILD_KILLED',
+    eventName,
+    signal,
     description: `The Test Runner unexpectedly exited via a ${chalk.cyan(eventName)} event with signal ${chalk.cyan(signal)}`,
     solution: solutionUnknown,
   }
 }
 
 const CYPRESS_RUN_BINARY = {
-  notValid: (value: string): any => {
+  notValid: (value: string): CypressRunBinaryError => {
     const properFormat = `**/${state.getPlatformExecutable()}`
 
     return {
+      type: 'CYPRESS_RUN_BINARY_ERROR',
+      code: 'E_RUN_BINARY_INVALID',
+      value,
       description: `Could not run binary set by environment variable: CYPRESS_RUN_BINARY=${value}`,
       solution: `Ensure the environment variable is a path to the Cypress binary, matching ${properFormat}`,
     }
   },
 }
 
-async function addPlatformInformation (info: any): Promise<any> {
+async function addPlatformInformation (info: CypressCliError): Promise<CypressCliError & { platform: any }> {
   const platform = await util.getPlatformInfo()
 
   return { ...info, platform }
@@ -275,7 +308,7 @@ async function addPlatformInformation (info: any): Promise<any> {
 /**
  * Given an error object (see the errors above), forms error message text with details,
  * then resolves with Error instance you can throw or reject with.
- * @param {object} errorObject
+ * @param {CypressCliError} errorObject
  * @returns {Promise<Error>} resolves with an Error
  * @example
   ```js
@@ -284,7 +317,7 @@ async function addPlatformInformation (info: any): Promise<any> {
   return getError(errorObject).then(reject)
   ```
  */
-export async function getError (errorObject: any): Promise<Error> {
+export async function getError (errorObject: CypressCliError): Promise<Error> {
   const errorMessage = await formErrorText(errorObject)
 
   const err: any = new Error(errorMessage)
@@ -298,7 +331,7 @@ export async function getError (errorObject: any): Promise<Error> {
  * Forms nice error message with error and platform information,
  * and if possible a way to solve it. Resolves with a string.
  */
-export async function formErrorText (info: any, msg?: string, prevMessage?: string): Promise<string> {
+export async function formErrorText (info: CypressCliError, msg?: string, prevMessage?: string): Promise<string> {
   const infoWithPlatform = await addPlatformInformation(info)
 
   const formatted: string[] = []
@@ -311,7 +344,7 @@ export async function formErrorText (info: any, msg?: string, prevMessage?: stri
 
   // assuming that if there the solution is a function it will handle
   // error message and (optional previous error message)
-  if (_.isFunction(infoWithPlatform.solution)) {
+  if (typeof infoWithPlatform.solution === 'function') {
     const text = infoWithPlatform.solution(msg, prevMessage)
 
     assert.ok(_.isString(text) && !_.isEmpty(text), 'expected solution to be text.')
@@ -360,7 +393,7 @@ export async function formErrorText (info: any, msg?: string, prevMessage?: stri
   return formatted.join('\n\n')
 }
 
-export const raise = (info: any) => {
+export const raise = (info: CypressCliError) => {
   return (text: string) => {
     const err: any = new Error(text)
 
@@ -373,7 +406,7 @@ export const raise = (info: any) => {
   }
 }
 
-export const throwFormErrorText = (info: any) => {
+export const throwFormErrorText = (info: CypressCliError) => {
   return async (msg?: string, prevMessage?: string) => {
     const errorText = await formErrorText(info, msg, prevMessage)
 
@@ -384,10 +417,10 @@ export const throwFormErrorText = (info: any) => {
 /**
  * Forms full error message with error and OS details, prints to the error output
  * and then exits the process.
- * @param {ErrorInformation} info Error information {description, solution}
+ * @param {CypressCliError} info Error information {description, solution}
  * @example return exitWithError(errors.invalidCypressEnv)('foo')
  */
-export const exitWithError = (info: any) => {
+export const exitWithError = (info: CypressCliError) => {
   return async (msg?: string) => {
     const text: string = await formErrorText(info, msg)
 
@@ -397,6 +430,36 @@ export const exitWithError = (info: any) => {
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Utility function to normalize unknown errors into typed CLI errors
+ * @param e - Unknown error object or value
+ * @returns Typed CypressCliError with standardized structure
+ */
+export function asCliError(e: unknown): CypressCliError {
+  // If it's already a typed error, return as-is
+  if (typeof e === 'object' && e !== null && 'type' in e) {
+    return e as CypressCliError
+  }
+
+  // If it's an Error object, wrap it
+  if (e instanceof Error) {
+    return {
+      type: 'UNEXPECTED',
+      code: 'E_UNEXPECTED',
+      description: e.message || 'An unexpected error occurred while verifying the Cypress executable.',
+      solution: solutionUnknown,
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Fallback for unknown types
+  return {
+    type: 'UNKNOWN',
+    code: 'E_UNKNOWN',
+    description: 'Unknown Cypress CLI error',
+    solution: genericErrorSolution,
+  }
+}
+
 export const errors = {
   unknownError,
   nonZeroExitCodeXvfb,
diff --git a/cli/types/error-types.ts b/cli/types/error-types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4eb155ded9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cli/types/error-types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+/**
+ * Discriminated union types for Cypress CLI errors
+ * 
+ * This file provides type safety for error handling in the CLI,
+ * ensuring consistent error structure and eliminating the need
+ * for any types in error-related code.
+ */
+
+// Base interface that all CLI errors must implement
+interface BaseCypressCliError {
+  description: string
+  solution: string | ((msg?: string, prevMessage?: string) => string)
+  code?: string
+  exitCode?: number
+  footer?: string
+}
+
+// Binary and Installation Errors
+export interface BinaryNotFoundError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'BINARY_NOT_FOUND'
+  code: 'E_BINARY_MISSING'
+  binaryDir: string
+}
+
+export interface BinaryNotExecutableError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'BINARY_NOT_EXECUTABLE' 
+  code: 'E_BINARY_PERMISSIONS'
+  executable: string
+}
+
+export interface NotInstalledCIError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'NOT_INSTALLED_CI'
+  code: 'E_CI_MISSING_BINARY'
+  executable: string
+}
+
+// Verification Errors
+export interface VerifyFailedError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'VERIFY_FAILED'
+  code: 'E_VERIFY_FAILED'
+  smokeTestCommand?: string
+  timedOut?: boolean
+}
+
+export interface SmokeTestDisplayError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'SMOKE_TEST_DISPLAY_ERROR'
+  code: 'INVALID_SMOKE_TEST_DISPLAY_ERROR'
+  message?: string
+}
+
+export interface VersionMismatchError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'VERSION_MISMATCH'
+  code: 'E_VERSION_MISMATCH'
+}
+
+// Configuration Errors
+export interface ConfigParseError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'CONFIG_PARSE'
+  code: 'E_CONFIG_PARSE'
+  file?: string
+}
+
+export interface InvalidConfigFileError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'INVALID_CONFIG_FILE'
+  code: 'E_INVALID_CONFIG_FILE'
+}
+
+export interface InvalidTestingTypeError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'INVALID_TESTING_TYPE'
+  code: 'E_INVALID_TESTING_TYPE'
+}
+
+// Runtime Errors
+export interface ChildProcessKilledError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'CHILD_PROCESS_KILLED'
+  code: 'E_CHILD_KILLED'
+  eventName: string
+  signal: string
+}
+
+export interface InvalidCypressEnvError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'INVALID_CYPRESS_ENV'
+  code: 'E_INVALID_ENV'
+  exitCode: 11
+}
+
+// System Dependency Errors
+export interface MissingXvfbError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'MISSING_XVFB'
+  code: 'E_MISSING_XVFB'
+}
+
+export interface MissingDependencyError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'MISSING_DEPENDENCY'
+  code: 'E_MISSING_DEPENDENCY'
+}
+
+export interface NonZeroExitCodeXvfbError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'XVFB_EXIT_ERROR'
+  code: 'E_XVFB_EXIT'
+}
+
+// Download and Installation Errors
+export interface FailedDownloadError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'FAILED_DOWNLOAD'
+  code: 'E_DOWNLOAD_FAILED'
+}
+
+export interface FailedUnzipError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'FAILED_UNZIP'
+  code: 'E_UNZIP_FAILED'
+}
+
+export interface FailedUnzipWindowsMaxPathError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'FAILED_UNZIP_MAX_PATH'
+  code: 'E_WIN_MAX_PATH'
+}
+
+export interface InvalidOSError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'INVALID_OS'
+  code: 'E_INVALID_OS'
+}
+
+export interface InvalidCacheDirectoryError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'INVALID_CACHE_DIRECTORY'
+  code: 'E_CACHE_PERMISSIONS'
+}
+
+// CLI Argument Errors
+export interface IncompatibleHeadlessFlagsError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'INCOMPATIBLE_HEADLESS_FLAGS'
+  code: 'E_INCOMPATIBLE_FLAGS'
+}
+
+export interface IncompatibleTestTypeFlagsError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'INCOMPATIBLE_TEST_TYPE_FLAGS'
+  code: 'E_INCOMPATIBLE_TEST_FLAGS'
+}
+
+export interface IncompatibleTestingTypeAndFlagError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'INCOMPATIBLE_TESTING_TYPE_AND_FLAG'
+  code: 'E_INCOMPATIBLE_TYPE_FLAG'
+}
+
+export interface InvalidRunProjectPathError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'INVALID_RUN_PROJECT_PATH'
+  code: 'E_INVALID_PROJECT_PATH'
+}
+
+export interface CypressRunBinaryError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'CYPRESS_RUN_BINARY_ERROR'
+  code: 'E_RUN_BINARY_INVALID'
+  value: string
+}
+
+// Generic/Unknown Errors
+export interface UnknownError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'UNKNOWN'
+  code: 'E_UNKNOWN'
+}
+
+export interface UnexpectedError extends BaseCypressCliError {
+  type: 'UNEXPECTED'
+  code: 'E_UNEXPECTED'
+}
+
+// Union type of all possible CLI errors
+export type CypressCliError =
+  | BinaryNotFoundError
+  | BinaryNotExecutableError
+  | NotInstalledCIError
+  | VerifyFailedError
+  | SmokeTestDisplayError
+  | VersionMismatchError
+  | ConfigParseError
+  | InvalidConfigFileError
+  | InvalidTestingTypeError
+  | ChildProcessKilledError
+  | InvalidCypressEnvError
+  | MissingXvfbError
+  | MissingDependencyError
+  | NonZeroExitCodeXvfbError
+  | FailedDownloadError
+  | FailedUnzipError
+  | FailedUnzipWindowsMaxPathError
+  | InvalidOSError
+  | InvalidCacheDirectoryError
+  | IncompatibleHeadlessFlagsError
+  | IncompatibleTestTypeFlagsError
+  | IncompatibleTestingTypeAndFlagError
+  | InvalidRunProjectPathError
+  | CypressRunBinaryError
+  | UnknownError
+  | UnexpectedError
+
+// Type guards for error discrimination
+export function isBinaryError(error: CypressCliError): error is BinaryNotFoundError | BinaryNotExecutableError | NotInstalledCIError {
+  return error.type === 'BINARY_NOT_FOUND' || error.type === 'BINARY_NOT_EXECUTABLE' || error.type === 'NOT_INSTALLED_CI'
+}
+
+export function isVerificationError(error: CypressCliError): error is VerifyFailedError | SmokeTestDisplayError | VersionMismatchError {
+  return error.type === 'VERIFY_FAILED' || error.type === 'SMOKE_TEST_DISPLAY_ERROR' || error.type === 'VERSION_MISMATCH'
+}
+
+export function isConfigurationError(error: CypressCliError): error is ConfigParseError | InvalidConfigFileError | InvalidTestingTypeError {
+  return error.type === 'CONFIG_PARSE' || error.type === 'INVALID_CONFIG_FILE' || error.type === 'INVALID_TESTING_TYPE'
+}
+
+export function isSystemError(error: CypressCliError): error is MissingXvfbError | MissingDependencyError | NonZeroExitCodeXvfbError {
+  return error.type === 'MISSING_XVFB' || error.type === 'MISSING_DEPENDENCY' || error.type === 'XVFB_EXIT_ERROR'
+}
+
+// Helper function to create typed errors
+export function createTypedError<T extends CypressCliError>(errorData: T): T {
+  return errorData
+}
+
+// Factory functions for common error patterns
+export const ErrorFactories = {
+  binaryNotFound: (binaryDir: string): BinaryNotFoundError => 
+    createTypedError({
+      type: 'BINARY_NOT_FOUND',
+      code: 'E_BINARY_MISSING',
+      binaryDir,
+      description: `No version of Cypress is installed in: ${binaryDir}`,
+      solution: 'Please reinstall Cypress by running: cypress install',
+    }),
+
+  childProcessKilled: (eventName: string, signal: string): ChildProcessKilledError =>
+    createTypedError({
+      type: 'CHILD_PROCESS_KILLED',
+      code: 'E_CHILD_KILLED',
+      eventName,
+      signal,
+      description: `The Test Runner unexpectedly exited via a ${eventName} event with signal ${signal}`,
+      solution: 'Please search Cypress documentation for possible solutions or open a GitHub issue.',
+    }),
+
+  smokeTestFailure: (smokeTestCommand: string, timedOut: boolean): VerifyFailedError =>
+    createTypedError({
+      type: 'VERIFY_FAILED',
+      code: 'E_VERIFY_FAILED',
+      smokeTestCommand,
+      timedOut,
+      description: `Cypress verification ${timedOut ? 'timed out' : 'failed'}.`,
+      solution: `This command failed with the following output:\n\n${smokeTestCommand}`,
+    }),
+}
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