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Vladimir Kotal
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translate system calls and inter-process communication slide
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‎img/tex/syscall_dist.tex

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‎img/tex/syscall_unx.tex

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‎intro.tex

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%%%%%
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\begin{slide}
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\sltitle{Volání slu¾eb a komunikace mezi procesy}
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\sltitle{System calls and inter-process communication}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item UNIX\vspace{1ex}
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\input{img/tex/syscall_unx.tex}
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\item distribuovaný OS\vspace{1ex}
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\item distributed OS\vspace{1ex}
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\input{img/tex/syscall_dist.tex}
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\end{itemize}
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\end{slide}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item pokud unixový proces vy¾aduje provedení systémové slu¾by, pomocí
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systé\-mo\-vé\-ho volání pøedá øízení jádru. Jádro je kus kódu sdíle{}ný v¹emi
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procesy (ov¹em pøístupný jen pro ty, které jsou právì v re¾imu jádra). Jádro
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tedy není samostatný privilegovaný proces, ale v¾dy bì¾í v rámci nìkterého
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procesu (toho, který po¾ádal jádro o slu¾bu, nebo toho, který bì¾el v okam¾iku
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pøíchodu pøeru¹ení).
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\item komunikace mezi procesy v UNIXu je øe¹ena pomocí systémových volání, je
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tedy zprostøedkovaná jádrem.
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\item aby to nebylo tak jednoduché, mohou existovat systémové procesy
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(o\-zna\-èo\-va\-né jako \emph{kernel threads}), které bì¾í celou dobu v
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re¾imu jádra. Naprostá vìt¹ina systémových procesù v¹ak bì¾í v u¾ivatelském
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re¾imu a li¹í se jen tím, ¾e mají vìt¹í pøístupová práva. Plánovaè procesù
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pøepíná mezi procesy a tím umo¾òuje bìh více procesù souèasnì i na jednom
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procesoru. Na multiprocesorových poèítaèích pak funguje skuteèný paralelismus
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procesù a vláken (dokonce se proces mù¾e pøi pøeplánování dostat i na jiný
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procesor).
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\item v distribuovaném operaèním systému má jádro obvykle formu mikrojádra,
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tj. zaji¹»uje pouze nejzákladnìj¹í slu¾by øízení procesoru, pøidìlování pamìti
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a komunikace mezi procesy. Vy¹¹í systémové slu¾by, které jsou v UNIXu souèástí
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jádra (napø. pøístup k systému souborù) jsou realizovány speciálními procesy
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(servery) bì¾ícími v u¾ivatelském re¾imu procesoru. Jádro pøedá po¾adavek
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u¾ivatelského procesu pøíslu¹nému serveru, který mù¾e bì¾et i na jiném uzlu
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sítì.
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\item dostupných mikrokernelù je v dne¹ní dobì mnoho. Mù¾ete zkusit napøíklad
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Minix (u{}nix-like výukový systém), pøípadnì systém HURD, který bì¾í nad
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mikrojádrem Mach.
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\item If a Unix process requires to perform system task, it will pass the
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control to the kernel using a system call. The kernel is code shared between
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all processes however accessible only to those processes that are running in
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kernel mode. The kernel is therefore not a standalone privileged process,
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it is still running in the context of a process (one that requested system
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service via system call or such that was running when interrupt came).
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\item Inter-process communication in UNIX is achieved using system calls,
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it is therefore handled by the kernel.
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\item There can be system processes called \emph{kernel threads}, that are
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running exclusively in kernel mode. The majority of system processes run in user
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mode and differ from the rest in that they have elevated privileges.
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The process scheduler switches between processes and makes it possible to run
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multiple processes simultaneously even on single processor system.
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Multi-processor systems enable true parallelism of processes and threads
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(it is possible for a thread to migrate between processors based on scheduling).
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\item In distributed operating systems the kernel is in the form of microkernel,
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i.e. provides only the very basic services like processor programming, memory
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allocation and inter-process communication. Upper system services that are part
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of kernel in UNIX (e.g. file system access) are implemented as special processes
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(servers) running in user mode. The kernel passes the request of user process to
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relevant server that can be running on different network node.
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\item There are many microkernels today, e.g. Minix (unix-like system) or HURD
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that runs above the Mach micro-kernel.
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\end{itemize}
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