[8.19] Add common cat API parameters for unit rendering

[DaveCTurner]

Describes the ?bytes= and ?time= parameters which are accepted by
all the GET _cat/... APIs.

Backport of #5298 to 8.19

[github-actions]

Following you can find the validation changes against the target branch for the API.

API	Status	Request	Response
cat.shards	🟢	16/16 → 11/11	16/16 → 11/11

You can validate this API yourself by using the make validate target.

[github-actions]

The backport to 8.19 failed:

The process '/usr/bin/git' failed with exit code 1

To backport manually, run these commands in your terminal:

# Fetch latest updates from GitHub
git fetch
# Create a new working tree
git worktree add .worktrees/backport-8.19 8.19
# Navigate to the new working tree
cd .worktrees/backport-8.19
# Create a new branch
git switch --create backport-5302-to-8.19
# Cherry-pick the merged commit of this pull request and resolve the conflicts
git cherry-pick -x --mainline 1 d5c9dc8718ab6a8616e3c9a7bc5c6c5b29f20879
# Push it to GitHub
git push --set-upstream origin backport-5302-to-8.19
# Go back to the original working tree
cd ../..
# Delete the working tree
git worktree remove .worktrees/backport-8.19

Then, create a pull request where the base branch is 8.19 and the compare/head branch is backport-5302-to-8.19.